Peptide Science Resources
Research Library
Metabolic & GLP-1 Research
What is Retatrutide and How Does It Work in Research?
Retatrutide is a novel triple-agonist peptide targeting GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors simultaneously. In early-phase studies it produced greater reductions in body weight than dual-agonist comparators, making it one of the most studied compounds in metabolic research.
Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: A Research Comparison
Semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide represent three generations of incretin-based research compounds. This comparison covers their receptor targets, molecular structures, weight-reduction data, and metabolic effects to help researchers understand the mechanistic distinctions between them.
Tirzepatide: Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonism and Its Role in Metabolic Research
Tirzepatide is a synthetic dual agonist of the GIP and GLP-1 receptors that demonstrated superior metabolic outcomes compared to GLP-1 mono-agonists in the SURPASS and SURMOUNT phase 3 programmes. This article examines the mechanistic basis for its activity, preclinical models, and what the clinical data reveals about dual incretin biology.
NAD+: Cellular Energy Currency, Sirtuin Activation, and the Biochemistry of Ageing
NAD+ is a cofactor central to cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and sirtuins-mediated epigenetic regulation. Its intracellular levels decline significantly with age, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced stress resistance, and impaired metabolic flexibility. This article reviews NAD+ biochemistry, preclinical evidence for supplementation strategies, and the mechanistic rationale underlying current research interest.
Longevity & Cellular Research
TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: Actin Sequestration and Tissue Remodelling Research
Thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta4) is a 43-amino acid actin-sequestering peptide with pleiotropic roles in cell motility, angiogenesis, and tissue repair. TB-500, a synthetic fragment corresponding to the active region of Tbeta4, has been extensively studied in preclinical wound healing and anti-inflammatory models.
GHK-Cu: The Copper Tripeptide at the Intersection of Wound Healing, Gene Regulation, and Anti-Ageing Biology
GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper(II)) is an endogenous tripeptide–copper complex with documented roles in wound healing, collagen synthesis, anti-inflammatory signalling, and broad gene expression modulation. Its research applications span dermal biology, oncology, and neurotrophic factor research.
KPV Tripeptide: Alpha-MSH-Derived Anti-Inflammatory Signalling in Preclinical Research
KPV is a three-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminus of alpha-MSH. Despite its small size, it recapitulates the anti-inflammatory activity of the parent peptide through melanocortin receptor engagement and NF-κB pathway modulation. Preclinical data in rodent colitis models suggest significant intestinal mucosal relevance.
MOTS-C: The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Regulating Metabolic Homeostasis and Exercise Adaptation
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome — the first mitochondrial-derived peptide shown to function as a systemic hormone. It activates AMPK via AICAR accumulation, improves insulin sensitivity, enhances skeletal muscle glucose uptake, and produces remarkable metabolic effects in aged rodent models. This review synthesises the mechanistic basis and current research frontier.
PT-141 (Bremelanotide): Melanocortin Receptor Pharmacology and Central Arousal Pathway Research
PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist derived from Melanotan II. Unlike peripherally acting compounds, it engages central MC3R and MC4R receptors in hypothalamic circuits to modulate arousal-related neural pathways. FDA approval for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in 2019 followed two Phase 3 trials demonstrating efficacy. This review covers the receptor pharmacology, CNS mechanisms, and preclinical data landscape.
GLOW Blend: A Multi-Peptide Complex for Skin Biology and Photoprotection Research
GLOW Blend is a research formulation combining five synergistic peptides — GHK-Cu, Epithalon, BPC-157, Thymosin Beta-4, and Melanotan II — each targeting distinct molecular pathways involved in skin homeostasis, collagen remodelling, oxidative defence, tissue repair, and melanogenesis. This review examines the mechanistic basis of each component and the biological rationale for multi-peptide co-administration in dermal biology research.
All articles are written for educational and research purposes only. The compounds discussed are investigational and not approved for human therapeutic use. Information does not constitute medical advice.